1. Introduction
"Intelligence" is commonly considered as the ability to collect knowledge
and to reason with this knowledge in order to solve
problems.
The
first application of A.I. existed in the form of chess and checkers programs.
There was a general presumption that some kind of general principle lied
on the base of each intelligent behavior. Thus, chess programs were for a
long time considered as a kind of ultimate benchmark for
A.I.
2. Definition of Artificial
Intelligence
There are many ways to define the field of Artificial Intelligence. It is the study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act. From the perspective of this definition, Artificial Intelligence differs from most of psychology because of the greater emphasis on computation, and Artificial Intelligence differs from most of computer science because of the emphasis on perception, reasoning, and action.
A definition often referred
to, especially in scientific research, is to regard as A.I. as a collection
of techniques to handle knowledge in such a way as to obtain new results
and inferences which are not explicitly programmed. Using Artificial
Intelligence involves a strong need for a number of tools and methods. These
methods and techniques are in many cases transferable to other application
areas.
-- " Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that require intelligent if done by men." ( Marvin Minsky, MIT )
-- " The field of A.I. has as its main tenet that there are indeed common processes that underline thinking and perceiving, and furthermore that these processes can be understood and studied scientifically ... In addition, it is completely unimportant to the theory of A.I who is doing the thinking or perceiving: man or computer. This is an implimantation detail." (Nils Nilson, Stanford University)
-- " A.I research is that part of computer science that investigates
symbolic, non algotihmic resoning processes and the representation of symbolic
knowledge for use in machine intelligence." (Edward
Feigenberg, Stanford University)
3. Branches of Artificial Intelligence
Sub specialist of Artificial Intelligence
include: