1. Introduction

        "Intelligence" is commonly considered as the ability to collect knowledge  and to reason with this knowledge in order to solve problems.
        The first application of A.I. existed in the form of chess and checkers programs. There was a general presumption that some kind of general principle lied on the base of each intelligent behavior. Thus, chess programs were for a long time considered as a kind of ultimate benchmark for A.I.
2. Definition of Artificial Intelligence

        There are many ways to define the field of Artificial Intelligence. It is the study of  the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act. From the perspective of this definition, Artificial Intelligence differs from most of psychology because of the greater emphasis on computation, and Artificial Intelligence differs from most of computer science because of the emphasis on perception, reasoning, and action.

  1. From the perspective of goals, Artificial Intelligence can be viewed as part engineering, part science:

 

        A definition often referred to, especially in scientific research, is to regard as A.I. as a collection of techniques to handle knowledge in such a way as to obtain new results and inferences which are not explicitly  programmed. Using Artificial Intelligence involves a strong need for a number of tools and methods. These methods and techniques are in many cases transferable to other application areas.
 

  1.         Some definitions by prominent A.I. specialist the following:

          -- " Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that require intelligent if done by men." ( Marvin Minsky, MIT )